Wednesday, March 4, 2009

Interest Rates, Risk and Rulers

Interest Rates, Risk and Rulers

Most people are comfortable with the concept of earning interest on capital. They conclude that it is natural for money to be invested in financial instruments that will generate a return. Throughout history the idea that banking is based upon a justifiable relationship that money deserves to accrue that magical reward, called interest - has driven the behavior of societies and the fate of nations. Is there anyone who is immune to the effects of usury? Obviously not. Individuals know all too well the reality that your money is not really yours. Currency is nothing more than a payment on obligations that you must fulfill and provides the means to satisfy needs that we all share.

How curious that mankind accepts that surplus, saved money has an intrinsic claim to earn additional funds, over and above it's own value. Few beliefs exist that are more readily accepted than the idea that banking based upon the concept that interest, is a rightful method for conducting economic commerce. But by what law of nature can we demonstrate that this practice is inherent to society?

Banking originated in Ancient Mesopotamia where the royal palaces and temples provided secure places for the safe-keeping of grain and other commodities. Receipts came to be used for transfers not only to the original depositors but also to third parties. Eventually private houses in Mesopotamia also got involved in these banking operations and laws regulating them were included in the code of Hammurabi. Money changing developed when coinage was established as a convenient way to store and transfer known value.

But the inspiration for the word for interest arose out of the pastoral economies of the Sumerians, Egyptians and Greek societies. The term points to the derivation of interest rates as the natural multiplication of livestock. If you lend someone a herd of thirty cattle for one year, you expect to be repaid with more than thirty cattle. The herd multiplies -- the herder's wealth has a natural rate of increase equal to the rate of reproduction of his livestock.

As urban communities developed the need to exchange different goods and services evolved. The origins of finance are often associated with the ancient city of Uruk, in Sumerian during the Hammurabi era 1792 - 1750 B.C. The example of a transaction by a merchant, Dumuzi-gamil illustrates how the practice worked. Most of the loans from second millennium Ur do not quote interest rates per month or per annum, but simply state the amount of interest due. Most loan contracts used the lunar calendar, and quoted the sum plus interest due at the end of the month. Interest payments were not thought of as rates per unit of time, but fixed prices for the use of the money, whether it be for a long or a short period.

Since this example of the charging of interest dates back to antiquity, why not just accept that paying interest is natural? The lesson of this background in not that lending with the expectation of a premium return is normal, but that the urge to extract a gain not from your own labor, ingenuity or risk taking - dated back to ancient times. The key question that deserves scrutiny is why is it legitimate for accumulated capital to earn money for the mere lending of the use of that cash? No other single element in economic intercourse weighs more heavily upon the success or failure of a venture than the availability of funds to finance the enterprise. Just the mere access to capital is not enough. Consideration for the cost that will be extracted for its use, is the ultimate price that will be paid to conduct business.

Most sound thinking people will acknowledge that all people are not equal in ability, talent, motivation and circumstance. So too, does this reality apply to admittance to the chambers of the lender. We have all heard of the Golden Rule: Those that have the gold, make the rules. Well, today it should be modified that those who control the lending process decide who gets to play the financial musical chair game!

Inflation is nothing more than the systemic devaluation in the value of the purchasing worth of the currency. But becoming obligated to pay interest is the guaranteed separation from the fruits of your labor, determination and willingness to accept the risk of conducting business. Once upon a time a businessman could borrow at prevailing interest rates and have a reasonable expectation that a profit could be achieved, that the interest could be paid, and the underlying loans could be retired. Today, capital is available from the modern day Dumuzi-gamil's that hawk, hype and tout their schemes from their lavish Wall Street district suites.

Earning interest encourages reliance upon your own capital, and reduces the will to engage in business. Owing interest creates partners in your endeavors that have claims greater than your own to fairly earned profits. Enslavement is the ultimate reality to a system based upon debt, where interest reigns as the measure of who rules. The human condition is one long sad tale of debt incurred under the penalty of compound interest. The status quo is protected in order that the servicing of the interest, can be enforced.

Life is a risk and should be admitted as a struggle. Accepting the efficacy of interest as a normal part of life only deepens the conflict. We all have unwanted partners, the State, in our finances. Rewarding the lender on top of the excessive expropriation that government steals is madness. The tradition of paying interest to use capital is sheer lunacy. Lenders of capital could be compensated for the use of funds with a share in the equity of business ventures. Let them bear their proportion of the risk and not add to the peril of a venture, with the cost of debt service. Civilization has been achieved through the creative inspiration and daring of the few. The work of its erection has been built on the backs of the many. And it has been attained not because of the charge of the money changers, but in spite of their trade. The world needs to liberate themselves from their addiction. Interest causes bondage, even if your reside in a palace . .

Make money on the stock market

Make money on the stock market

You’ll learn how to make big money on stocks using a technical analysis toolkit that has been wielded successfully for hundreds of years. That’s no exaggeration.

That makes these patterns some of the most time-tested strategies in finance. You can feel secure that you are trusting your investments to a highly refined system – not a new craze or an analyst’s hunch.

Liquidity Measurement Ratios: Quick Ratio

The quick ratio - aka the quick assets ratio or the acid-test ratio - is a liquidity indicator that further refines the current ratio by measuring the amount of the most liquid current assets there are to cover current liabilities. The quick ratio is more conservative than the current ratio because it excludes inventory and other current assets, which are more difficult to turn into cash. Therefore, a higher ratio means a more liquid current position.

Formula:

Components:


Liquidity Measurement Ratios: Current Ratio

The current ratio is a popular financial ratio used to test a company's liquidity (also referred to as its current or working capital position) by deriving the proportion of current assets available to cover current liabilities.

The concept behind this ratio is to ascertain whether a company's short-term assets (cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, receivables and inventory) are readily available to pay off its short-term liabilities (notes payable, current portion of term debt, payables, accrued expenses and taxes). In theory, the higher the current ratio, the better.

Formula:

Components:

When it comes to investing, analyzing financial statement information (also known as quantitative analysis), is one of, if not the most important element in the fundamental analysis process. At the same time, the massive amount of numbers in a company's financial statements can be bewildering and intimidating to many investors. However, through financial ratio analysis, you will be able to work with these numbers in an organized fashion.

The objective of this tutorial is to provide you with a guide to sources of financial statement data, to highlight and define the most relevant ratios, to show you how to compute them and to explain their meaning as investment evaluators.

In this regard, we draw your attention to the complete set of financials for Zimmer Holdings, Inc. (ZMH), a publicly listed company on the NYSE that designs, manufactures and markets orthopedic and related surgical products, and fracture-management devices worldwide. We've provided these statements in order to be able to make specific reference to the account captions and numbers in Zimmer's financials in order to illustrate how to compute all the ratios.

Example 1

Example: suppose you had $1000 and bought Euros when the exchange rate was 1.50 Euros to the dollar. You would then have 1500 Euros. If the value of Euros against the US dollar increased then you would sell (exchange) your Euros for dollars and have more dollars than you started with.

Spot Market and the Forwards and Futures Markets



Spot Market and the Forwards and Futures Markets
There are actually three ways that institutions, corporations and individuals trade forex: the spot market, the forwards market and the futures market. The forex trading in the spot market always has been the largest market because it is the "underlying" real asset that the forwards and futures markets are based on. In the past, the futures market was the most popular venue for traders because it was available to individual investors for a longer period of time. However, with the advent of electronic trading, the spot market has witnessed a huge surge in activity and now surpasses the futures market as the preferred trading market for individual investors and speculators. When people refer to the forex market, they usually are referring to the spot market. The forwards and futures markets tend to be more popular with companies that need to hedge their foreign exchange risks out to a specific date in the future.

The Forex Market is very different than trading currencies on the futures market, and a lot easier, than trading stocks or commodities.

Traditionally, access to the Forex market has been made available only to banks and other large financial institutions. With advances in technology over the years, however, the Forex market is now available to everybody, from banks to money managers to individual traders trading retail accounts. The time to get involved in this exciting, global market has never been better than now. Open an account and become an active player in the largest market on the planet.

The Forex Market is very different than trading currencies on the futures market, and a lot easier, than trading stocks or commodities.

Whether you are aware of it or not, you already play a role in the Forex market. The simple fact that you have money in your pocket makes you an investor in currency, particularly in the US Dollar. By holding US Dollars, you have elected not to hold the currencies of other nations. Your purchases of stocks, bonds or other investments, along with money deposited in your bank account, represent investments that rely heavily on the integrity of the value of their denominated currency ¨the US Dollar. Due to the changing value of the US Dollar and the resulting fluctuations in exchange rates, your investments may change in value, affecting your overall financial status. With this in mind, it should be no surprise that many investors have taken advantage of the fluctuation in Exchange Rates, using the volatility of the Foreign Exchange market as a way to increase their capital.
Unlike other financial markets that operate at a centralized location (i.e. stock exchange), the worldwide Forex market has no central location. It is a global electronic network of banks, financial institutions and individual traders, all involved in the buying and selling of national currencies. Another major feature of the Forex market is that it operates 24 hours a day, corresponding to the opening and closing of financial centers in countries all across the world, starting each day in Sydney, then Tokyo, London and New York. At any time, in any location, there are buyers and sellers, making the Forex market the most liquid market in the world.

What Is FOREX or FOREX MARKET?

What Is FOREX or FOREX MARKET?

The Foreign Exchange market (also referred to as the Forex or FX market) is the largest financial market in the world, with over $1.5 trillion changing hands every day.

That is larger than all US equity and Treasury markets combined!